Serum leptin level in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome: correlation with anthropometric and endocrine parameters

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [PCOS] is linked with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, characteristics that are linked to the level of leptin and leptin receptors. This study was planned to estimate serum leptin levels in adolescent girls with PCOS and its relation with endocrine and anthropometric parameters

Methods: Fifty [50] girls with PCOS, aged 16-20 years, and 60 age- matched normal subjects were included in the study. Study duration was from Jun 2014 to Dec 2016. Patients were taken from Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. Normal subjects [controls] were students of Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore. Serum levels of Fasting blood sugar, leptin, testosterone, and serum insulin were estimated. Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR] was used to calculate insulin resistance. Body mass index [BMI] was calculated using the standard formula

Results: Mean age of adolescent girls with PCOS was 19+/-2.8 years. BMJ of PCOS patients was increased non-significantly compared to normal subjects. Fasting blood sugar and serum testosterone level was non-significantly decreased in PCOS patients compared to normal subjects. Level of serum insulin was significantly increased in patients compared to normal subjects. On the other hand, serum leptin level was increased in patients as compared to normal subjects. A weak correlation between leptin hormone, serum insulin and insulin resistance was observed. Significant positive correlation was observed between BMT of PCOS women and their leptin hormone

Conclusion: In adolescent girls, increased leptin level showed a significant correlation with BMI, whereas its correlation with endocrine parameter was weak

Predicted and recorded vital capacity in students of Shalamar medical and dental college, Lahore

The study aimed at observing the difference in predicted and recorded Vital Capacity in young Pakistani adults. Female students [n=46] and male students [n=30] belonging to age group 18-20 years, height 150-190 Cm, and with no history of smoking or respiratory ailment participated in the study. Predicted Vital Capacity was calculated by using the formula based on age and height. Vital Capacity was recorded on Students' Spirometer of 9 L capacity. A statistically significant difference between predicted and recorded Vital Capacity [p<0.05] for both female and male medical students was observed. In females, recorded Vital Capacity values were 22% less than predicted values, and in males they were 23% less than the predicted value. Vital Capacity is dependent on other factors besides age and height. Therefore recorded values 77-78% of predicted should be considered normal. The incorporation of weight in prediction equation would result in better estimation of Vital Capacity in Pakistan for different age groups

Determination of cardiac output in medical students by pulse pressure method

Since stroke volume is the work that heart performs in each heart beat and cardiac output [COP] is expressed as product of stroke volume and heart rate. Pulse pressure is determined approximately by the ratio of stroke volume output to the compliance of arterial tree. We hypothesized that by simply determining pulse pressure COP can be measured and these observations were made before and after moderate exercise in male and female medical students. Male students [n=15] and female students [n=21] belonging to age group 18-25 years weighing 40-65 kg, having no cardiovascular ailment were included in the study. Blood pressure, pulse pressure and heart rate were determined. Hemoglobin estimations were done. There was a significant increase in pulse pressure and hence cardiac output in males and females after exercise. It was more significant in females. COP before exercise in females was 2.90 +/- 0.17 L/min [p<0.001] after exercise 3.42 +/- 0.70 L/min. In male students the COP results were 3.30 +/- 0.20 L/min and 3.90 +/- 0.20 L/min before and after exercise respectively with p<0.05. Our results correspond with standard cardiac output evaluation for these age groups. We conclude that pulse pressure is a good predictor for cardiac output evaluation

Correlation of vitamin A, beta carotene and fibrinogen with other parameters in ischemic heart disease

Planned to find the He of biochemical parameters in the early diagnosis of IHD, 34 males and 36 females were taken with ischeamic heart disease. Results show that the level of total lipid, cholesterol and ration of chol/HDL-chol was increased, but the level of LDL, HDL-chol and triglyceride were decreased as compared to control subjects. No change in electrolytes level was observed. Level of enzymes like AST, CK-MB etc, were increased in patients. Renal function parameters were also increased. Levels of total proteine, albumin and carotene were decreased whereas the levels of globulin and vitamin A were increased in patients as compared to their controls. It is therefore concluded that in IHD not only enzyme and lipid metabolism is effected but it also shows that the constituent of lipoprotein like vitamin A and carotene level is changed. It was also observed that the severity of disease may effect on urea, creatinine and uric acid level resulting in the involvement of kidney

Antenatal significance of glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] in high risk pregnancy

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antenatal significance of carbohydrate intolerance in high risk pregnancy in chosen groups from each trimester with estimation of glycosylated haemoglobin value in Pakistani women. Glycosylated Haemoglobin [HbA[1C]] was assayed during different trimesters of pregnancy in 54 women. Twenty four pregnant women acting as controls, were compared with 30 women having high risk pregnancy. Three of the women belonging to the high risk group turned out to be diabetics and were excluded from the study. The results between different trimesters of control group and high risk pregnancy group were found statistically significant. Furthermore, significant differences were found within trimesters of high risk pregnancy. It is suggested that HbA[1C] is useful in addition to conventional oral glucose tolerance test as a screening tool for gestational diabetes

Evaluation of oral glucose tolerance values in different trimesters of pregnancy

The present study was conducted to develop evaluation values of oral glucose tolerance in different trimesters of normal and high risk pregnancy. A 75 grams oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 120 pregnant women [90 normal] pregnancy and 30 high risk pregnancy]. Thirty non pregnant married women were also included in the study which acted as controls. Evaluation values were established in normal pregnancy in first trimester [10-12 weeks, n=30] second trimester [22-24 weeks, n=30] and third trimester [30-32 weeks, n=30]. A woman at 32 weeks of gestation repeatedly vomited and was excluded from the study, 3 women of high risk group turned out to be diabetics and were also excluded. There were statistically significant differences between trimester one and two of normal pregnancy group for samples taken 1 hr - 2 hrs and 3 hrs after the glucose load but no significant differences statistically were found between second and third trimester. However, statistically significant differences existed when normal pregnancy group was compared with high risk group in each trimester. The need for the development of reference values of OGTT in different trimesters of pregnancy is stressed